Messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA), possesses all the basic characteristics of RNA, and it acts as a complementary strand to one of DNA’s strands. While the composition of DNA and RNA are similar, there are a few differences between mRNA and DNA:
• mRNA is made up of ribose sugars, while DNA is made up of deoxyribose sugars (a ribose sugar that has been de-oxygenated).
• They contain different pyrimidines. DNA utilizes thymine, while mRNA has uracil.
• While DNA is present in the nucleus (of eukaryotes), mRNA will diffuse into the cytoplasm after it’s synthesis.
• DNA is double-stranded, while mRNA is single-stranded.
• mRNA has a short lifespan, while DNA has a long lifespan.
Using pipe cleaners to represent the differences:
Building pipe cleaners to represent this, is very useful. You are able to very easily tell the differences in the structure, as you will have to build both the DNA, and mRNA strands. However, there is some difficulty in observing some differences, such as one being built of deoxyribonucleic acid, while the other is oxygenized, or representing that DNA is present in the nucleus while mRNA is present in cytoplasm after synthesis. Ultimately, I can strongly recommend using pipe cleaners to build both, as it is very helpful for your understanding of both, and helps familiarize you with their shapes in a non-intimidating manner.
Transcription and Translation:
The process of transcription is very similar to DNA replication; however, it will only take place on one backbone, unwinding, complimentary base pairing, joining, all facilitated by the enzyme RNA polymerase. The process of transcription will take the information that is encoded in the gene of DNA, and encode that same information in mRNA.
A crucial piece of transcription, is RNA polymerase (which are large enzymes with multiple subunits), as it will carry out the process of transcribing DNA into RNA. Thus, creating a new RNA molecule through base pairing. First, the RNA polymerase will bind to the start sequence of DNA. Once it has found this codon, the RNA polymerase will separate the strands of a section of DNA (which is called a transcription bubble), which will provide the single stranded template that is needed for transcription (which is referred to as the template strand).
Secondly, the RNA polymerase will read the DNA strand one base at a time, and will concurrently build an RNA molecule through complementary nucleotides, creating a chain (that will go in the 5’ to 3’ direction). Essentially, during this step the elongation of the RNA strand becomes longer, due to an addition of nucleotides. Finally, the mRNA strands will have been copied and paired from the DNA template strand. This involves a stop codon, that will signal that the RNA transcript is complete. It will then cause the transcript to be released from the RNA polymerase.
During translation, the codons of the mRNA strand are read (in the 5′ to 3′ direction) by tRNAs. Every tRNA contains a set of anticodons (a set of three nucleotides that will bond to the matching bases on the mRNA strand through base pairing), and attached to the top of the tRNA is the complimentary amino acid to the anticodon that it carries. tRNA will then bond to the mRNA strands through the ribosome which is reading the complimentary base codon for it to bond to. Once two tRNAs are present and bonded, their amino acids will also bond together through peptide bonds. This will eventually result in a chain of amino acids (polypeptide), which creates a protein. Translation is composed of three steps: initiaition, elongation and termination.
During initiation, the ribosome reads the mRNA codons, beginning the process once it reads the start codon (AUG).
Next, elongation occurs, where the ribosome will begin to move along the mRNA and continue to read its codons. While reading the individual
codons, a complementary tRNA containing on one of its ends, the anticodon for the mRNA codon, and on the other end, the matching amino acid for the anticodon. Once a second tRNA has bonded to the mRNA strand, the amino acids will also bond together through peptide bonds,
eventually creating an amino acid chain (polypeptide), resulting in a protein. Once both tRNAs have arrived, and both amino acids have bonded together, the first tRNA, will leave, and the second will move to take its place, as the ribosome moves onto the next codon of the mRNA strand.
The third step, termination, is the process where the ribosome reads a stop codon on the mRNA strand, and as there is no complimentary tRNA for a stop codonm, it will inform the ribosome to release the mRNA, thus ending the amino acid chain.
How using pipe cleaners to represent these processes could be useful:
this activity did a good job of representing translation, because we were able to visually understand not only the processes of tRNA and amino acids, but also the reading and pairing of codons. I found it very useful to be able to act out the processes myself, because I was then able to better remember it and deepen my knowledge. I also enjoyed being able to pair the original DNA strand to it’s nucleic base pairings in order to create the copied mRNA strand. However, I think that it could have been more helpful to in corporate the pipe cleaner DNA into this process, as it would allow for a better visual representation of the DNA being copied. I also think that the ribosome created by rRNA and it’s reading of the codons could have been better represented by cutting out the three individual places (mouth, A, and P) to better visualize it’s process. Ultimately, I found this experience very helpful in demonstrating translation and helping me remember its process.
Faites une réflexion finale sur votre projet. Partagez vos pensées/sentiments de l’évolution de votre jeu, le produit final, l’expérience du travail en équipe, les défis auxquels vous avez fait face, etc.
Je pense que notre jeu est bon. Je suis fière qu’on a pris une idée qu’on avait, et l’a fait un réalité. Mais, je pense que la travail en groupe aurait pu était mieux, même avec la communication assez bon. La travail en équipe était un peu difficile au commencement de la projet, mais par la fin, tout le monde a travailler sur le projet. Il y avait des défis a imprimer le jeu, et aussi pour partager les devoirs également. Mais, par la fin, je suis fière qu’on a créer un jeu qui fait du sens a jouer, et qu’on a penser a. C’était difficile a mettre tous le jeu ensemble et d’être certain que tout le monde aider et travailler, mais par la fin, je pense qu’on a réussi a créer notre jeu, et je suis fière de cela.
Jusqu’ici, je suis content(e) avec le jeu parce que : Je suis contente avec le jeu, parce que ca commence a devenir un vrai jeu. Tous nos questions sont fait, et on commence les instructions. Ce jeu était aussi l’idée de tout le monde, et on est tous en accord avec ce que le jeu est a ce moment.
Une chose que j’aurais aimé faire différemment est : Rien.
Ce qu’5tgon aimerait accomplir avant la fin de la semaine prochaine est : Finir d’écrire tous les règles et aussi être certain que tous nos questions sont correcte.
Avez-vous divisé les responsabilités ? Si oui, comment ?
Oui (plus-ou-moins). On a divisé qui écris quel catégorie de questions assez également.
Un exemple d’une façon dont nous avons changé notre jeu depuis le début est… :On a décidé comment on voulait que le tableau vas fonctionner (avec les recules et avances montrés sur le tableau).
Si je devais me donner une note sur 5 sur mes contributions/ma capacité de travailler en équipe jusqu’ici, je me donnerais ___/5 parce que… :
Je me donnerai un 5, parce que j’essaye de travailler durant la temps en classe, aussi je crée le tableau, les cartes (physique), et les instructions pour être imprimer, aussi que créer les questions.
Après une moitié du projet, je me sens (bien / fier(ère) / inquiet(ète) / stressé(e)) parce que… :
Je pense que notre jeu serait bon, et quand on a fini de le créer ca serait amusant a jouer, ferait du sens, et vas fonctionner.
L’idée principale de notre jeu en ce moment est :
De créer un jeu de société des sujets divers. Pour jouer le jeu, on roule un dé pour déterminer quel catégorie (pile) de carte tu pige de (un de six), et dépendant du difficulté du question sur la carte, cela déterminerai combine d’espaces on avance ou recoule.
Quelques obstacles qui pourraient se présenter en créant ce jeu sont :
Pour créer assez de cartes / questions pour que le jeu peut être jouer pour un assez longtemps, aussi de créer le tableau pour jouer sur et déterminer comment les espaces allieront fonctionner, et pour créer des cartes que les joueurs sauront.
J’aimerais que le jeu ait / soit les attributs suivants :
J’aimerais si le jeux avait un autre aspect que seulement les sujets divers. (sur le tableaux qui a des défis / avances / recoules dépendants de quel carrée tu es sur).
En bref, comment jouerait-on le jeu ?
Pour jouer le jeu, on roule un dé pour déterminer quel catégorie (pile) de carte tu pige de (un de six piles), et dépendant du difficulté du question sur la carte, cela déterminerai combine d’espaces on avance ou recoule.
Si je devais décrire notre jeu en prenant des exemples d’autres jeux qui existent, je dirais que c’est un mélange de… (expliquez pourquoi vous faites cette comparaison)
« Sorry » – A cause du ressemblance du tableau
« Jeapordy » – A cause des sujets divers
Jusqu’ici, le travail en groupe a été __________________ parce que…
Le travail en groupe a été très bien, parce que, tous le travail était partager très bien jusqu’à ce point. On aussi travail et communiquer très bien ensemble.
Combien de joueurs ? 3-6 Coopératif ou compétitif ? Compétitif Individuel ou en groupe ? Individuel Quel(s) thème(s) sont abordés ? Les sujets divers et compétition La durée d’un jeu ? 20 minutes – 1 heure Quels matériels imaginez-vous pour le jeu ? Un tableau, les pièces a bouger, et les cartes des sujets divers.
Voici les jeux que j’ai essayé cette semaine et ce que j’ai aimé / pas aimé de ces jeux : – « Oh Snap » — C’était assez amusant, mais c’était très répétitif, et on ne devrait pas penser trop. – « China Town » — Je l’ai trouvée amusant et on a du penser plus pour celui que les autres, mais ca a pris un grand bout de temps pour préparer le jeux et pour comprendre comment le jouer. – « Blokus » — Je l’ai trouvée amusant, parce qu’on devait penser assez (parce qu’on ne savait pas ce que l’autre personne allait faire) et on avait un but, ca n’as pas pris beaucoup de temps pour comprendre comment le jouer, ni pour le préparer.
Mon jeu de société préféré est… parce que :
Blokus. Parce que, on n’avait pas le control sur ce que l’autre personne allait faire, et on avait le même but pour gagner. C’était pas très difficile a comprendre, ni pour préparer a jouer. On avait du penser a un stratégie pour utiliser durant le jeux, qui a toujours changé durant le jeux pour gagner.
Mon jeu de société le moins préféré est… parce que
Oh Snap. Parce que, on n’as pas du penser beaucoup, et c’était très répétitif. Aussi ca a pris un peux de temps pour préparer, et tu pouvait placer les pièces stratégiquement, ce qui n’est pas juste aux autres joueurs.
Si je travaillais seul(e), j’aimerais faire un jeu avec les attributs suivants :
– Pas trop difficile
– Besoin de penser
– Peut utiliser les stratégies
– Facile a préparer le jeux
– Facile a comprendre comment jouer
Ce dont j’ai hâte pour ce projet :
J’ai hâte pour penser au style du jeux, et pour le fabriquer quand je sais ce que je veux créer.
Ce qui m’inquiète au début de ce projet est :
De penser a un type de jeux et un thème de jeux, aussi pour comment je vais le construire.
As a photographer, I feel that I have grown immensely throughout this year. I have experimented with many different styles, in order to fall into my own unique style. Through this, I have found that I like to take portraits, use reflections, and use unique perspectives to add interest and convey different emotions in my images. I believe that art itself is subjective, being different for everyone and in that, photography should convey different emotions, and be able to evoke meaningful thought. In the future, I think that my photography will continue to progress, and my understanding of the elements and principles of photography will continue to deepen.
I think that the most successful parts of my projects were the creativity, perspectives and diversity that I had throughout my work. I think that the most successful projects, where the creative zone, elements and principles of photography, and the aquarium power point. Throughout these projects, I found a consistent theme of what I found successful – the time that I took to go out and shoot the images. I think that in order to take images to the next level you have to be able to take time to go out and choose a location, and plan a pose, to be able to produce more powerful images. However, I think that the least successful parts of my projects where my studio portraits and my avatar project. I think that one of the main reasons that I didn’t have as much success with these projects, is because I didn’t have much time to complete them, didn’t plan them out well, and wasn’t as motivated to create when completing them. I think if I had more time I would like to redo the studio portrait project, because I feel that it could have been better planed out and of a better quality had I given myself more time to complete it.
I think that throughout this photography course, I learned a lot about my style of photography and who I am and want to be as a photographer. I also discovered more about other people’s styles and strategies in photography, which I think is very interesting. Beyond that, I also discovered more about what photography is, in the elements and principles of photography. I really enjoyed this class, as it pushed me to explore different corners of photography (like macro), that I likely would not have tried otherwise. I am very happy with the outcome of this class, and would take photography 12 to continue growing and expanding my understanding of photography, and who I am as a photographer.
The discovery of DNA proved Darwin’s theory of evolution for many reasons. Some of these reasons include, gene similarities in different species, and corrupt DNA. Genetic similarities in different species is very important, and was even mentioned in the NOVA video we watched in class. An example of genetic similarities would be the genetic relationship between human and chimp DNA. There is a 1% difference between human DNA and chimp DNA.
This means, that in some point in time there was a species that is now a common ancestor between humans and chimps. In the video, the species that was this connection is fish. Fish are a common ancestor with dinosaurs and all four legged creatures (for example humans and chimps). One visible similarity between humans and fish, is between human embryo and fish embryos, as was shown in the video. If you compare two images of a human and fish embryo, there are clearly slits (gills) along the neck of both species, for humans these slits (gills) turn into bones in our inner ears, and for fish, these slits turned into gills.
Corrupt DNA is also very important to Darwin’s theory. A big part of Darwin’s theory is that an organism changes into another organism. For this to happen, changes must also happen to a genome over time. Because of this, scientists are able to see relationships between species because of the basic hereditary systems that DNA and RNA use. These systems are used to pass on genes from parents to their offspring. Because of this, it tells how species are closely or distantly related. Telling if species are closely or distantly related, is very similar to what Darwin’s branched out tree of life looks like, like it was shown in the video. This tree shows how all species are related together, whether they are closely related or distantly, all because of their DNA. That is how DNA proved Darwin’s theory of evolution.
Est ce que vous avez jamais vus un film qui était si horrible que vous n’avez pas même su quoi dire? On donne nos pensez a propos de filmes qui on pas réussi de nous impressioner.
Nous sommes les critiques sympathiques
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Émission #1 – Le Film Jack And Jill
Jack and Jill recevait une note bas de 3% selon Rotten Tomatoes. On trouve si ça vraiment vaut 3%, ou si ce film doit avoir une note different.
