Because the low air pressure is closer to BC, so we said that tomorrow will be sunny, not windy, and not cloudy.
Grade 12
Reading weather
This is the picture that shows the weather of May 24th.
By comparing those two pictures, we can see that the high air pressure is moving closer to BC, so we think that May 25th would be colder, windy and not cloudy.
Experimental Design
Title: Factors affecting the enzymes reaction rates
Purpose: observing the differences in the reaction because of the different concentration of enzymes
Hypothesis: Higher concentrations of lactase drops will react stronger to the milk. As more lactase is put into the milk, the glucose concentration should be higher.
Materials:
- Five Test Tubes
- Beaker or Graduated Cylinder
- [Lactose] milk
- Lactase
- Glucose test strips
Introduction
In this lab, we will be adding the lactase enzyme to 5 test tubes containing 20ml of milk, and then testing the glucose levels in these test tubes after 10 minutes. We believe the concentration of the enzyme in the milk with affect the glucose levels by increasing them as we add more of the enzyme.
Procedure:
- Put 20mL milk in each test tube
- Put no drops of lactase enzymes in the first test tube, add 2 drops lactase enzymes in the second tube, add 4 drops lactase in test tube 3, 6 drops in tube 4, 8 drops in tube 5
- Wait for 10 minutes
- Use the glucose test strips to see how many glucose is in the test tube
Results (Data + Observations)
| beaker | []enzymes | Initial [] glucose (mmo/L) | Final [] glucose (mmo/L) |
| 1 | 0 drop
|
0 mmo/L | 0 mmo/L |
| 2 | 2 drop
|
0 mmo/L | 14 mmo/L |
| 3 | 4 drops
|
0 mmo/L | 111 mmo/L |
| 4 | 6 drops
|
0 mmo/L
|
28 mmo/L |
| 5 | 8 drops
|
0 mmo/L | 56 mmo/L |
Data Analysis/Conclusion
After conducting our experiment, we noticed that our data is not consistent with what we expected. We thought that there would be an increase in glucose as we added more drops however, the glucose levels fluctuated. It started with an increase from 0-2 drops, then an even larger jump from 2-4 drops. After that, the glucose levels decreased with 6 drops and then rose again with 8 drops. This could have been an error in how we handled the procedure (as mentioned below) and so we cannot make an accurate conclusion based off of this data. Had we received the data that we predicated however, we could have said that our conclusion is that when you add more lactase to lactose, glucose levels rise.
Errors / Improvements
The result of this test is not the same as what we thought, there are several reasons that might cause the data to be inaccurate. First, we should shake the test tubes after we put the enzymes into the milk. By shaking it, it could help to make the reaction happen properly. And we can also reduce the number of drops that we put in each test tube, which could give us a more detailed result
What direction should BC forestry take?
Forestry of BC help develop the economic and provides many jobs, in my opinion, if there is less demand on the export of wood products from BC, we could reduce cutting down the trees and started to plant more in order to make the environment better. We probably should stop clearcutting because if there is a part of the land are all cut down, it is not good for the wild animals and would make it harder to replant trees. I think silviculture is a good way that is sustainable to BC’s current forestry practices, which control the growth, composition, health, and quality of forests to meet diverse needs and values. By this, BC could plant more the trees that truly needed, have better use of the land, and the quality of the wood could fit the demand but not destroying the natural. As quality is growing, we can raise the price, so although we cut down the same amount of trees, we could make more money and improve the economy to grow. And also, because it needs people to plants, check and report, it could provide more jobs.
Diffusion In Agar Cubes
- In terms of maximizing diffusion, what was the most effective size cube that you tested?
The most effective size that we tested is the smallest cube, which is the 1 cm3 cube.
- Why was that size most effective at maximizing diffusion? What are the important factors that affect how materials diffuse into cells or tissues?
The smallest size was most effective at maximizing diffusion because the surface are to volume ration is the biggest, the NaOH could cover more percentage of the agar cube’s surface area that make the diffusion the most effective.
- If a large surface area is helpful to cells, why do cells not grow to be very large?
When there is a large surface area, the volume of the cell always become big. And it would take a longer time to diffusion that means the cell need long time to grow very big.
- You have three cubes, A, B, and C. They have surface to volume ratios of 3:1, 5:2, and 4:1 respectively. Which of these cubes is going to be the most effective at maximizing diffusion, how do you know this?
The cube C is the most effective at maximizing diffusion because the surface to volume rations id the biggest.
- How does your body adapt surface area-to-volume ratios to help exchange gases?
Our body has a large ratios of surface area to volume, which make the rate of gases exchanging big.
- Why can’t certain cells, like bacteria, get to be the size of a small fish?
Cells like bacteria cannot get to be the size of a small fish because they need to divide in order to keep a good surface area to volume ratio.
- What are the advantages of large organisms being multicellular?
When the large organisms being multicellular which means the cells become small and the surface area to volume rations become bigger, and it could help the diffusion become better.
agar in NaOH after 10 minutes
cut them in half to see how the diffusion goes
environmental ethic
In this film, the dogs lived on a garbage island, which makes me think about where the garbages go after I throw them away. They are not disappeared, but move to another place that I don’t know. And I’ve noticed that there are many of them were in the sea and gathered on the island.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l96MQKwwHOE
when there is a new phone, the commecrials are evrywhere and makes me want to change my phone eventhough my old one is still good. At that time, I am not thinking about the environemnt, how the old phone would go and might produce more electronic waste that would cause bad pollution.
Ethic of care
Key Question: What would an ethic of care towards the environment look like?
- What would be needed to create it.
We need to see the environment as a person that need care from us.
- What would we have to believe about the environment? How should we see it?
People should believe that the environment is very important to human, we need to protect it in order to save our life and we also need to believe that what we did really impact the environment a lot, so we need to be careful about our action.
- How would we act? – give scenarios
When there is ethic of care, we would think about the environment every time before we do something to it. For example, when we need to cut down tress to built houses or making papers, we would think about where would the animals go. When we use plastic bags, we might think about how the plastic affects the environment and try to reducing the time use it.
- What would be different about the world if everyone adopted this ethic of care towards the environment? Benefits and drawbacks?
There would be many benefits when we adopted this ethic of care towards the environment because we live on the earth and the environment is really important in our life. When the time we really care about the environment, we would make our life better and have a better balance. But there are also drawbacks, as we use the resources from the environment, we need to use it to improve our life. The ethic of care would reduce many chances and convenience in people’s life.
- Should we adopt an ethic of care towards the environment?
I think we need to adopt an ethic of care toward the environment because I feel we can’t live without the environment, when we use the resources, we really need to think about it in order to keep the environment as before. But maybe not too much because there would be too many restrictions, and we need to live our life.
Brazilian Jiu Jitsu and Physics
- Introduction (a brief overview of why torque would be used in Brazilian Jiu Jitsu, a framing of the with the question [why we are doing this] and a definition of each of the concepts)
Brazilian Jiu Jitsu is a martial art and combat sport system that focuses on grappling with particular emphasis on ground fighting. By the applying of torque in this sports, weak person can defend themselves against a strong person.
Torque: Torque is a measure of the force that can cause an object to rotate about an axis.
Force: a force is any interaction that, when unopposed, will change the motion of an object
Fulcrum: the point on which a lever rests or is supported and on which it pivots.:
- Choose 2 of 4 following techniques: a. Take an image of the technique (Kimura, Americana, Kneebar or Armbar) b. Draw on each of the technique images to showing the application of Force, Torque, Fulcrum, etc…
- Answer the question using what you have learned
Why does Jiu-Jitsu follow this progression?
When you get the other person down, you can find a fulcrum which there is an Fn support you, then you can control their action by using the force from your leg or arms or your body.
Why does Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu want to control?
Because when people can control the other person, they are active and the people they fight against are passive, it is easier for people who are active to do what they want.
DNA and protein synthesis
- How is mRNA different than DNA?
DNA carries the instructions to build protein, it is big and has two backbones. mRNA is single-sided and short, it copies the information carried by 1 gene on DNA and carried this message to the ribose. The function of DNA and mRNA are different.
- Describe the process of transcription
When one DNA translated into mRNA, the process is called transcription. The transcription takes few steps, the first step is that a specific section of DNA unwinds, exposing one gene. Then alone 1 strand, the complimentary RNA bases bond, at this time, inside of T bonded with A, Uracil will bond with DNA’s Adenine. The enzymes – RNA polymerase will make adjacent nucleotides form covalent bonds and build RNA backbone. Now DNA is released, DNA reforms double helix.
- How did today’s activity do a good job of modelling the process of RNA transcription? In what ways was our model inaccurate
In today’s activity, I understand how transcription is that make DNA translate into mRNA. The different colour of the back bone makes me have a better understanding of how different DNA and mRNA is. The model is inaccurate because a usual size of DNA which make the mRNA would be much bigger than the only 18 base-pairs that we made in this model.
This photo shows how the mRNA is made
- Describe the process of translation: initiation, elongation, and termination
Initiation is mRNA binds to small ribosome subunit, then the two ribosome subunits bind together.
Elongation ribosome holds mRNA and allows complimentary tRNA to attach to binding sites, then tRNA binds to P site, another tRNA binds to A site, “empty” tRNA leaves ribosome.
Termination is that the elongation cycle continues until mRNA reads a stop codon.
- How did today’s activity do a good job of modelling the process of translation? In what ways was our model inaccurate?
Today’s activity let us built a protein through the DNA to mRNA, then finally get protein. The transcription part is not that much because we did it last time, it is more focus on how translation works to make protein. The P site and A site is very clear when I did this activity and helps me understand how everything works. It might be inaccurate if we couldn’t translate the mRNA well and also it is easy to make mistakes that the amino acid is match with the codon on the mRNA strand but not the anticodon.
transection — DNA translate into mRNA
elongation — start with P site
after P site, the A site is also start matching
after A site matched, the A site move to P site and match the A site again
the protein after the whole process (translation), it stops when their is a stop codon.
DNA and protein synthesis
- Explain the structure of DNA – use the terms nucleotides, antiparallel strand, and complimentary base pairing.
DNA is also called Deoxyribonucleic acid, it is mand out of sugars, phosphates and nitrogen bases. DNA is a large polymer made of nucleotide monomers that have 2 backbones, which formed by bonded sugar-phosphate portions of adjacent nucleotides. The two strands are antiparallel, one strand will start with sugar, then phosphate, then sugar, the other strand is opposite that start with phosphate, then sugar. Between the two strands, there are many nucleotide bases that make ladders, H-bonds link between base pairs to form complimentary base pairing that made by Pourine and Pyramidine, which are Adenine and Thymine, Guanine and Cytosine.
- How does this activity help model the structure of DNA? What changes could we make to improve the accuracy of this model? Be detailed and constructive.
By modeling the structure of DNA, we can have a better visual of hoe DNA is look like and by the time we making it, we can be much clearer about the details that we might not know by just reading. For example, when the time me and my groupmates make the DNA, I truly understand how antiparallel strand means, the pink beads that represent the phosphate should be at opposite direction.
To make the model more accurate, we can change the material that we use, maybe use other things to represent the H-bonds that we need to cut ourselves that is hard to keep them same and also when we try to link to strands together, it is easy for them to came apart, especially when it is winding.
- When does DNA replication occur?
DNA replication occurs before cells divide, it replicates to double cell structures and their genetic information.
- Name and describe the 3 steps involved in DNA replication. Why does the process occur differently on the “leading” and “lagging” strands?
The three steps involved in DNA replication are unwinding and unzipping, complimentary base pairing and joining. For the first step – unwinding and unzipping, the helix unwinds and unzip, H-bonds between the base pair break. It is caused by DNA helicase. Then the complimentary base pairing is involved by DNA polymerase, which is the new strand will be pairing with the leading strand to form base-pairs that sill A to T and C to G. The last step is Joining, DNA ligase glues the new strands to the leading strand that make a new DNA. Leading strand and lagging strand are different because leading strand continuous as DNA unzips, but the lagging strand is fragments form as DNA unzips DNA ligase glues fragment.
DNA helicase unzip DNA
complimentary base pairing
DNA ligase join the adjacent nucleotides
DNA replication finished (get two DNA)
- The model today wasn’t a great fit for the process we were exploring. What did you do to model the complimentary base pairing and joining of adjacent nucleotides steps of DNA replication? In what ways was this activity well suited to showing this process? In what ways was it inaccurate?
We use different colour beads to show how the base pair is on the pipe cleaners, twist the white pipe cleaners to join them together. The model we make this time give us a feel of how DNA replicates and how enzymes works in the process, but it is more focus on the leading strand that we didn’t really look at lagging strand and shows how it works in the DNA replication.