Sc10CBiotech

Science 10 Biotechnology – Cloning

Introduction:

Cloning is a technique scientists use to create genetically identical copies of a living organism. Cloning is found in nature. For example, many bacteria reproduce by cloning themselves. In humans, identical twins have almost the exact same genes. Scientists and researchers use cloning in many different ways. SCNT or somatic cell nuclear transfer is what scientists use to clone organisms artificially. SCNT or somatic cell nuclear transfer is a type of artificial cloning. SCNT works by removing a nucleus of a body cell of an organism. At the same time, the nucleus of an egg cell is removed. The nucleus of the body cell is planted in the egg cell. To encourage the egg cell to divide, it is stimulated with shocks. After dividing enough times a blastocyst is formed. A blastocyst is an early stage of an embryo and a cloned blastocyst has near-identical DNA to the original organism. With an embryo, it is possible to create a clone.

1. SCNT Process (imgur)

2. Embryo Splitting (Illmense)

Discuss the greatest advancement with regards to your topic and provide examples:

Artificial “twinning,” or embryo splitting, was used to achieve reproductive cloning for the first time on a salamander embryo by German embryologist Hans Spemann in the early 1900s. Later, Spemann, who won the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine in 1935 for his work on embryonic development, proposed another cloning method called nuclear transfer.

3. Dolly the sheep (Two)

Shortly after Dolly the sheep (the first report on the birth of a cloned sheep in 1997) was born, several additional species, including pigs, goats, rats, mice, dogs, horses, and mules, were cloned using SCNT (Somatic cell nuclear transfer). Despite these achievements, it took years for scientists to create the first functional SCNT primate clone because the genes involved did not respond well to the procedure. The first primate clone was created in 2018, known as Zhong Zhong and Hua Hua (the first cloned monkeys) which are created by Shanghai’s Chinese Academy of Sciences.

4. First Cloned Primal (Barna, Mark)

5. First IVF baby (Lordy!)

As cloning humans is quite illegal, the closest we have gotten to it is IVF. Louise Joy Brown, the world’s first in vitro fertilization (IVF) baby, was born on July 25, 1978, at Oldham and District General Hospital in Manchester, England, to parents Lesley and Peter Brown. This could not be accomplished if not using IVF, which entails removing a mature egg from one of a mother’s ovaries and combining it with her husband’s sperm in a laboratory dish to create an embryo. A few days later, the embryo would be placed back into her uterus.

6. Cloned transgenic cow (Genetically)

Argentina’s lab becomes the first to successfully clone a transgenic cow (cows who have had an additional gene or genes introduced into their DNA). The cloned cow, Rosita ISA, will be able to produce human-like milk thanks to the use of human DNA added during the cloning procedure.

How is this form of biotechnology best used?

Growing human organs in labs may be the best use of cloning we can do currently. Although we cannot grow extremely complex organs quite yet, scientists are able to regenerate human skin and cure chronic ailments like epidermolysis bullosa, a disease that weakens skin, creating constant painful tears, using clone technology. 

One of the most well-known aspects of cloning is bringing species back from extinction, and reintroducing them into their natural habitats. This may seem fine, until one realizes that the animal went extinct for a reason. Although most of the time, that reason is due to human influence, whether that be through destruction of habitat, over-hunting, or climate change, which this next use can help prevent! Cultured meat, also known as lab-grown meat, is made by taking some cells from an animal like a cow, bringing them to a lab, and tricking the cells to make them think they are still a part of their host. While in reality, they are just growing in a petri dish.

7. Lab-grown meat (Cultured)

8. SCNT Process (imgur)

How is this form of biotechnology changing the world as we continue to advance towards the future?

Cloning is a technique scientists use to create genetically identical copies of a living organism. Cloning is found in nature. For example many bacteria reproduce by cloning themselves. In humans identical twins have almost the exact same genes.  SCNT or somatic cell nuclear transfer is a type of artificial cloning. SCNT works by removing a nucleus of a body cell of an organism. At the same time the nucleus of an egg cell is removed. The nucleus of the body cell is planted in the egg cell. To encourage the egg cell to divide, it is stimulated with shocks. After dividing enough times a blastocyst is formed. A blastocyst is an early stage of an embryo and a cloned blastocyst has near identical DNA to the original organism. 

Using SCNT scientists are able to produce stem cells. Stem cells are able to become different types of cells that that a patient may need. SCNT could produce identical copies of an animal that could be used for research. Having multiple genetically identical test subjects would help to make experiments more accurate. Animal cloning can be used to recreate  animals with optimal genetics. Animal cloning could also be used to preserve animal species which are going extinct.  

9. Somatic cell (Prezi)

SCNT is used in reproductive cloning. With reproductive  cloning it is possible to clone animals. Therapeutic cloning can clone stem cells and gene cloning clones genes. These different types of artificial cloning can be used to benefit humans in the future.   

SCNT is also used in Theraputic cloning. Therapeutic cloning can be used to create stem cells which are useful in different scenarios. Stem cells are able to be administered with no threat of rejection to the patient because the cells are from the patient. It would make bone marrow  and organ transplants easier. Therapeutic cloning could potentially be used to cure Parkinson’s disease and Alzheimer’s disease. As we continue to advance into the future cloning will be more prevalent in our society. As of now cloning animas is inefficient and using cloning to cure Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s has not been successfully done. However, in the future it is likely that cloning will become a more integral part of life 

Conclusion:

To conclude, most beneficial types of cloning technology are still in heavy development and most likely will not be commonly used and accepted by the public for at least a few decades. Although what is currently available has extreme promise, such as basic lab-grown human organs and cultured meat, some advances in the field could lead to more viable and complex versions of the techniques above, and the furtherment of SCNT. 

10. Reproductive Cloning (image)

Work-cited:

Adnan, Amna. Benefits of Cloning, https://www.biotecharticles.com/Genetics-Article/Benefits-of-Cloning-167.html.

AO;, Trounson. “Future and Applications of Cloning.” Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton, N.J.), U.S. National Library of Medicine, https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16988390/.

Barna, Mark. “Are the First Primate Clones Just the Beginning?” Discover Magazine, Discover Magazine, 18 Nov. 2019, https://www.discovermagazine.com/technology/state-of-science-are-the-first-primate-clones-just-the-beginning.

Bonfanti, P. (2020, December 17). Lab-grown organs could solve the transplant crisis. WIRED UK. Retrieved April 7, 2022, from https://www.wired.co.uk/article/growing-organs  

“Cloning Milestones.” Infoplease, Infoplease, https://www.infoplease.com/math-science/biology/genetics-evolution/cloning-milestones.

“Cloning.” Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., https://www.britannica.com/science/cloning.

“Cloning Fact Sheet.” Genome.gov, https://www.genome.gov/about-genomics/fact-sheets/Cloning-Fact-Sheet.

“Future Uses of Transgenic Cows.” Science Learning Hub, https://www.sciencelearn.org.nz/resources/880-future-uses-of-transgenic-cows#:~:text=Transgenic%20cows%20are%20genetically%20modified,transgenic%20proteins%20in%20their%20milk.

Genetic Science Learning Center. (2014, July 10) The History of Cloning. Retrieved April 04, 2022, from https://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/cloning/clonezone/.

McFadden, C. (2018, March 12). 15 animals that have been successfully cloned by scientists. Interesting Engineering. Retrieved April 4, 2022, from https://interestingengineering.com/animals-successfully-cloned-by-scientists 

National Geographic Society. “Cloning.” National Geographic Society, 8 July 2019, https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/cloning/.

 

National Geographic Society, (2019, July 8). Cloning. National Geographic Society. Retrieved April 4, 2022, from https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/cloning  

N. H. G. R. I. (2020, August 15). Cloning fact sheet. Genome.gov. Retrieved April 4, 2022, from https://www.genome.gov/about-genomics/fact-sheets/Cloning-Fact-Sheet  

Petechuk, David, and K. Lee Lerner. “Clone and cloning.” The Gale Encyclopedia of Science, edited by K. Lee Lerner and Brenda Wilmoth Lerner, 5th ed., Gale, 2014. Gale In Context: Science, link.gale.com/apps/doc/CV2644030504/SCIC?u=43riss&sid=bookmark-SCIC&xid=81eb6a45. Accessed 1 Apr. 2022.\

Petechuk, David. “Clone and Cloning.” The Gale Encyclopedia of Science, edited by Katherine H. Nemeh and Jacqueline L. Longe, 6th ed., vol. 2, Gale, 2021, pp. 1002-1005. Gale In Context: Science, link.gale.com/apps/doc/CX8124400570/SCIC?u=43riss&sid=bookmark-SCIC&xid=9eaaeaae. Accessed 1 Apr. 2022.

Scholarly Resources for Learning and Research | Gale. https://www.gale.com/.

The History of Cloning, https://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/cloning/clonezone.

“World’s First ‘Test Tube’ Baby Born.” History.com, A&E Television Networks, 12 Mar. 2010, https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/worlds-first-test-tube-baby-born#:~:text=On%20July%2025%2C%201978%2C%20Louise,parents%20Lesley%20and%20Peter%20Brown.

 

Photos Cited:
  1. https://imgur.com/.
  2. Illmensee, Karl, and Mike Levanduski. “Embryo Splitting.” Middle East Fertility Society Journal, No Longer Published by Elsevier, 11 June 2010, https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/ article/pii/S1110569010000403.
  3. “Two Decades after Dolly the Sheep, Here’s What We’ve Learned about Cloning.” NBCNews.com, NBCUniversal News Group, 22 Feb. 2017, https://www.nbcnews.com/mach/science/two-decades-after-dolly-sheep-here-s-what-we-ve-n724096.
  4. Barna, Mark. “Are the First Primate Clones Just the Beginning?” Discover Magazine, Discover Magazine, 18 Nov. 2019, https://www.discovermagazine.com/technology/state-of-science-are-the-first-primate-clones-just-the-beginning.
  5. “Lordy! Lordy! the First Test-Tube Baby Is 40 | CBC News.” CBCnews, CBC/Radio Canada, 7 July 2018, https://www.cbc.ca/news/health/first-test-tube-baby-is-40-1.4736847.
  6. “Genetically Modified Animal.” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 31 Mar. 2022, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetically_modified_animal.
  7. Cultured meat: Better than the real thing? FoodUnfolded. (n.d.). Retrieved April 7, 2022, from https://www.foodunfolded.com/article/cultured-meat-better-than-the-real-thing
  8. https://imgur.com/.
  9. “Http://tse1.Mm.bing.net/Th?Id=OIP.8n15UN_qe2M25r_Xhfc0UQEsC0.” Prezi.com.
  10.  https://prezi.com/-1gfy9meyurq/httptse1mmbingnetthidoip8n15un_qe2m25r_xhfc0uqesc0/.
  11. https://image.slidesharecdn.com/sci9lesson4mar7-ch5-2cloningstudentversion2-4v1-0-110307020418-phpapp01/95/sci-9-lesson-4-mar-7-ch-52-cloning-24-6-728.jpg?cb=1299464486

Science 10   Biotechnology –  Cloning

Made a new version using the divi builder. (https://myriverside.sd43.bc.ca/saray2020/2022/05/12/auto-draft/)

Introduction:

Cloning is a technique scientists use to create genetically identical copies of a living organism. Cloning is found in nature. For example, many bacteria reproduce by cloning themselves. In humans, identical twins have almost the exact same genes. Scientists and researchers use cloning in many different ways. SCNT or somatic cell nuclear transfer is what scientists use to clone organisms artificially. SCNT or somatic cell nuclear transfer is a type of artificial cloning. SCNT works by removing a nucleus of a body cell of an organism. At the same time, the nucleus of an egg cell is removed. The nucleus of the body cell is planted in the egg cell. To encourage the egg cell to divide, it is stimulated with shocks. After dividing enough times a blastocyst is formed. A blastocyst is an early stage of an embryo and a cloned blastocyst has near-identical DNA to the original organism. With an embryo, it is possible to create a clone.

Discuss the greatest advancement with regards to your topic and provide examples:

Artificial “twinning,” or embryo splitting, was used to achieve reproductive cloning for the first time on a salamander embryo by German embryologist Hans Spemann in the early 1900s. Later, Spemann, who won the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine in 1935 for his work on embryonic development, proposed another cloning method called nuclear transfer.

Shortly after Dolly the sheep (the first report on the birth of a cloned sheep in 1997) was born, several additional species, including pigs, goats, rats, mice, dogs, horses, and mules, were cloned using SCNT (Somatic cell nuclear transfer). Despite these achievements, it took years for scientists to create the first functional SCNT primate clone because the genes involved did not respond well to the procedure. The first primate clone was created in 2018, known as Zhong Zhong and Hua Hua (the first cloned monkeys) which are created by Shanghai’s Chinese Academy of Sciences.

As cloning humans is quite illegal, the closest we have gotten to it is IVF. Louise Joy Brown, the world’s first in vitro fertilization (IVF) baby, was born on July 25, 1978, at Oldham and District General Hospital in Manchester, England, to parents Lesley and Peter Brown. This could not be accomplished if not using IVF, which entails removing a mature egg from one of a mother’s ovaries and combining it with her husband’s sperm in a laboratory dish to create an embryo. A few days later, the embryo would be placed back into her uterus.

Argentina’s lab becomes the first to successfully clone a transgenic cow (cows who have had an additional gene or genes introduced into their DNA). The cloned cow, Rosita ISA, will be able to produce human-like milk thanks to the use of human DNA added during the cloning procedure.

How is this form of biotechnology best used?

Growing human organs in labs may be the best use of cloning we can do currently. Although we cannot grow extremely complex organs quite yet, scientists are able to regenerate human skin and cure chronic ailments like epidermolysis bullosa, a disease that weakens skin, creating constant painful tears, using clone technology. 

One of the most well-known aspects of cloning is bringing species back from extinction, and reintroducing them into their natural habitats. This may seem fine, until one realizes that the animal went extinct for a reason. Although most of the time, that reason is due to human influence, whether that be through destruction of habitat, over-hunting, or climate change, which this next use can help prevent! Cultured meat, also known as lab-grown meat, is made by taking some cells from an animal like a cow, bringing them to a lab, and tricking the cells to make them think they are still a part of their host. While in reality, they are just growing in a petri dish.

How is this form of biotechnology changing the world as we continue to advance towards the future?

Cloning is a technique scientists use to create genetically identical copies of a living organism. Cloning is found in nature. For example many bacteria reproduce by cloning themselves. In humans identical twins have almost the exact same genes.  SCNT or somatic cell nuclear transfer is a type of artificial cloning. SCNT works by removing a nucleus of a body cell of an organism. At the same time the nucleus of an egg cell is removed. The nucleus of the body cell is planted in the egg cell. To encourage the egg cell to divide, it is stimulated with shocks. After dividing enough times a blastocyst is formed. A blastocyst is an early stage of an embryo and a cloned blastocyst has near identical DNA to the original organism. 

Using SCNT scientists are able to produce stem cells. Stem cells are able to become different types of cells that that a patient may need. SCNT could produce identical copies of an animal that could be used for research. Having multiple genetically identical test subjects would help to make experiments more accurate. Animal cloning can be used to recreate  animals with optimal genetics. Animal cloning could also be used to preserve animal species which are going extinct.  

SCNT is used in reproductive cloning. With reproductive  cloning it is possible to clone animals. Therapeutic cloning can clone stem cells and gene cloning clones genes. These different types of artificial cloning can be used to benefit humans in the future.   

SCNT is also used in Theraputic cloning. Therapeutic cloning can be used to create stem cells which are useful in different scenarios. Stem cells are able to be administered with no threat of rejection to the patient because the cells are from the patient. It would make bone marrow  and organ transplants easier. Therapeutic cloning could potentially be used to cure Parkinson’s disease and Alzheimer’s disease. As we continue to advance into the future cloning will be more prevalent in our society. As of now cloning animas is inefficient and using cloning to cure Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s has not been successfully done. However, in the future it is likely that cloning will become a more integral part of life 

Conclusion:

To conclude, most beneficial types of cloning technology are still in heavy development and most likely will not be commonly used and accepted by the public for at least a few decades. Although what is currently available has extreme promise, such as basic lab-grown human organs and cultured meat, some advances in the field could lead to more viable and complex versions of the techniques above, and the furtherment of SCNT. 

Work-cited:

Adnan, Amna. Benefits of Cloning, https://www.biotecharticles.com/Genetics-Article/Benefits-of-Cloning-167.html.

AO;, Trounson. “Future and Applications of Cloning.” Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton, N.J.), U.S. National Library of Medicine, https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16988390/.

Barna, Mark. “Are the First Primate Clones Just the Beginning?” Discover Magazine, Discover Magazine, 18 Nov. 2019, https://www.discovermagazine.com/technology/state-of-science-are-the-first-primate-clones-just-the-beginning.

Bonfanti, P. (2020, December 17). Lab-grown organs could solve the transplant crisis. WIRED UK. Retrieved April 7, 2022, from https://www.wired.co.uk/article/growing-organs  

“Cloning Milestones.” Infoplease, Infoplease, https://www.infoplease.com/math-science/biology/genetics-evolution/cloning-milestones.

“Cloning.” Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., https://www.britannica.com/science/cloning.

“Cloning Fact Sheet.” Genome.gov, https://www.genome.gov/about-genomics/fact-sheets/Cloning-Fact-Sheet.

“Future Uses of Transgenic Cows.” Science Learning Hub, https://www.sciencelearn.org.nz/resources/880-future-uses-of-transgenic-cows#:~:text=Transgenic%20cows%20are%20genetically%20modified,transgenic%20proteins%20in%20their%20milk.

Genetic Science Learning Center. (2014, July 10) The History of Cloning. Retrieved April 04, 2022, from https://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/cloning/clonezone/ 

McFadden, C. (2018, March 12). 15 animals that have been successfully cloned by scientists. Interesting Engineering. Retrieved April 4, 2022, from https://interestingengineering.com/animals-successfully-cloned-by-scientists  

National Geographic Society. “Cloning.” National Geographic Society, 8 July 2019, https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/cloning/.

National Geographic Society, (2019, July 8). Cloning. National Geographic Society. Retrieved April 4, 2022, from https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/cloning  
N. H. G. R. I. (2020, August 15). Cloning fact sheet. Genome.gov. Retrieved April 4, 2022, from https://www.genome.gov/about-genomics/fact-sheets/Cloning-Fact-Sheet  

Petechuk, David, and K. Lee Lerner. “Clone and cloning.” The Gale Encyclopedia of Science, edited by K. Lee Lerner and Brenda Wilmoth Lerner, 5th ed., Gale, 2014. Gale In Context: Science, link.gale.com/apps/doc/CV2644030504/SCIC?u=43riss&sid=bookmark-SCIC&xid=81eb6a45. Accessed 1 Apr. 2022.

Petechuk, David. “Clone and Cloning.” The Gale Encyclopedia of Science, edited by Katherine H. Nemeh and Jacqueline L. Longe, 6th ed., vol. 2, Gale, 2021, pp. 1002-1005. Gale In Context: Science, link.gale.com/apps/doc/CX8124400570/SCIC?u=43riss&sid=bookmark-SCIC&xid=9eaaeaae. Accessed 1 Apr. 2022.

Scholarly Resources for Learning and Research | Gale. https://www.gale.com/.

The History of Cloning, https://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/cloning/clonezone.

“World’s First ‘Test Tube’ Baby Born.” History.com, A&E Television Networks, 12 Mar. 2010, https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/worlds-first-test-tube-baby-born#:~:text=On%20July%2025%2C%201978%2C%20Louise,parents%20Lesley%20and%20Peter%20Brown.

Photos Cited:
  1. https://imgur.com/.
  2. Illmensee, Karl, and Mike Levanduski. “Embryo Splitting.” Middle East Fertility Society Journal, No Longer Published by Elsevier, 11 June 2010, https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/ article/pii/S1110569010000403.
  3. “Two Decades after Dolly the Sheep, Here’s What We’ve Learned about Cloning.” NBCNews.com, NBCUniversal News Group, 22 Feb. 2017, https://www.nbcnews.com/mach/science/two-decades-after-dolly-sheep-here-s-what-we-ve-n724096.
  4. Barna, Mark. “Are the First Primate Clones Just the Beginning?” Discover Magazine, Discover Magazine, 18 Nov. 2019, https://www.discovermagazine.com/technology/state-of-science-are-the-first-primate-clones-just-the-beginning.
  5. “Lordy! Lordy! the First Test-Tube Baby Is 40 | CBC News.” CBCnews, CBC/Radio Canada, 7 July 2018, https://www.cbc.ca/news/health/first-test-tube-baby-is-40-1.4736847.
  6. “Genetically Modified Animal.” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 31 Mar. 2022, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetically_modified_animal.
  7. Cultured meat: Better than the real thing? FoodUnfolded. (n.d.). Retrieved April 7, 2022, from https://www.foodunfolded.com/article/cultured-meat-better-than-the-real-thing
  8. https://imgur.com/.
  9. “Http://tse1.Mm.bing.net/Th?Id=OIP.8n15UN_qe2M25r_Xhfc0UQEsC0.” Prezi.com, https://prezi.com/-1gfy9meyurq/httptse1mmbingnetthidoip8n15un_qe2m25r_xhfc0uqesc0/.
  10. https://image.slidesharecdn.com/sci9lesson4mar7-ch5-2cloningstudentversion2-4v1-0-110307020418-phpapp01/95/sci-9-lesson-4-mar-7-ch-52-cloning-24-6-728.jpg?cb=1299464486

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