Grade 11

EFPH11 – Bento Box

For this Bento Box assignment on Thomas King’s Deep House, I created an interactive image using Genially, and the objects used in the image symbolically represent different elements in the book. By clicking on the interactive buttons, you can access more information about the book.

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Base Identification Project

Title: Determining the Base of Oxalic Acid Dihydrate

Purpose

  • The purpose of this lab is to accurately determine the base and the molar concentration, of oxalic acid dihydrate (C2H2O4·2H2O) solution through a titration and flame test. By accurately determining its base, we can understand its chemical behavior and properties and optimize its usage in various processes.
  • In this experiment, we performed a titration using H2O as our base, against a known volume of the oxalic acid dihydrate solution. The reaction between the acid and base will form water and a salt, sodium oxalate (Na2C2O4). The balanced chemical equation for the reaction is as follows:

C2H2O4·2H2O + 2Ca(OH)2 → Ca(C2O4) + 4H2O

List of Materials

  • Oxalic acid dihydrate (C2H2O4·2H2O) 0.4g
  • 100ml H2O
  • Analytical balance
  • Burette
  • Burette clamp
  • Funnel
  • Pipette
  • Beaker
  • Volumetric flask
  • Stirring rod
  • Phenolphthalein indicator
  • Bunsen burner
  • Wire loop
  • Lighter/Striker
  • Safety goggles

attire

  • protective clothing
  • closed-toe shoes
  • hair tie

Procedure

  1. Preparations
  • read over the procedure to understand the lab and its purpose
  • ensure that you are wearing proper lab attire, put goggles on, and sanitize hands
  • gather materials and clean/rinse all of them

2. Weighing of Oxalic Acid Dihydrate

  • weight 0.4g of oxalic acid dihydrate (C2H2O4·2H2O)
  • record the weight of the oxalic acid dihydrate

3. Dissolution of Oxalic Acid Dihydrate

  • transfer the weighed oxalic acid dihydrate to a clean and dry beaker
  • add 100ml of H2O to the beaker
  • stir the mixture using a stirring rod until all the solid has been dissolved which will form a clear solution
  • add a few drops (we used 3)  of phenolphthalein indicator to the solution to help the ending visual results

4. Titration

  • set up a burette, making sure that it is clean and free of any air bubbles
  • fill the burette with the prepared base solution
  • record the initial volume (V1) of the base solution in the burette
  • slowly add the base solution from the burette into the oxalic acid solution int he beaker, while stirring with a stirring constantly
  • continue the addition until a permanent colour change is observed, which indicates its neutralization
  • using the phenolphthalein indicator, the solution should turn from colourless to a pale pink
  • record the final volume (V2) of the base solution in the burette

5. Repeating titration procedure

  • perform titration 2 more times using fresh samples of the oxalic acid dihydrate
  • calculate the average volume of H2O used in the titrations

6. Flame Test

  • Safety precautions: ensure that your work environment is a well-ventilated area and has appropriate safety equipment
  • Clean wire by dipping it in water and holding it in the flame until it burns off any impurities, repeat until clean
  • Light the bunsen burner
  • Soak the wire in the unknown solution
  • hold it above the bunsen burner
  • watch as the flame changes colour and write down any observations and its final colour
  • compare the observed flame colour with a reference flame colour chart or a table that indicates the characteristic colours associated with different metal ions
  • Identify the metal ion present in the compound based on the observed flame color.

Metal Ion Flame Test Colours Chart – Compound Interest

Our flame burned orange, which led us to believe that the base was calcium (Ca).

7. Calculation of concentration

  • calculate the volume of the base solution used in the titration by doing: V=V2-V1
  • calculate the concentration of the base solution using the volume of the base used (V) and the known concentration

Work:

V: V2-V1 = 25.7 – 15.7 = 10.0

concentration of the base solution:

find mol of Ca(OH)2: M(L)

0.03M (0.0157L)

mol of Ca(OH)2 = 0.000471

concentration of base solution: mol/L

0.000471/0.01567 L

M = 0.03

 

Pictures

 

Data Table for Titration Data

MOLARITY OF H2O TRIAL 1 TRIAL 2 TRIAL 3
initial reading of burette 10. 10. 10.
final reading of burette 25.5 25.8 25.7
mL base used 15.5 15.8 15.7
average mL of base 15.7

Conclusion

The objective of the experiment was to determine the concentration of a base solution using a titration method to find the concentration of the acid first, and find the identity of the base as well. We found that the base solution, has a concentration of 0.03 M. We found the identity of the base to be calcium hydroxide Ca(OH)2.

We chose to follow this procedure because the purpose of a titration is to determine the unknown concentration of a substance by comparing it to a known concentration. By measuring the volumes, we can calculate the concentration of the substance being analyzed. So we were able to find the concentration of the solution, but then we had to find the identity of the base, which we did with a flame test. The flame test determined that our base solution was calcium hydroxide.

During the experiment, the volume of the base solution used in three trials was measured, resulting in values of 15.5 mL, 15.8 mL, and 15.7 mL. The average volume of the base used was calculated as 15.7 mL.

Using the known concentration of the base and the volume of the base solution used, the concentration of the base solution was determined to be 0.03 M.

This conclusion suggests that the concentration of the base solution remained consistent throughout the experiment, as the calculated concentration closely matched the known concentration. It also indicates that the titration method used to determine the concentration of the base solution was accurate and reliable.

Errors and how to fix them:

1. Instrumental errors can arise from inaccuracies or limitations in the laboratory equipment used. In this experiment, the burette readings could have given us potential instrumental errors.

How to fix it:
– Ensure the burette is properly cleaned before the experiment and periodically checked for accuracy.
– Use a burette with a clear and accurate scale, making it easier to read and reduce parallax errors.
– Take multiple readings and average them to improve accuracy and makes up for any individual errors.

2. Contamination or impurities in the reagents or equipment can affect the accuracy of the experiment. For example, if the base solution or the burette was contaminated with another substance, it could change the volume measurements or react with the solution, leading to incorrect results.

How to fix it:
– Handle the tools used properly to avoid contamination from outside sources
– Make sure that the equipment is thoroughly cleaned and rinsed to remove any residue from previous use.
– Ensure that the chemicals are pure to minimize the risk of impurities affecting the experiment’s results.

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Poetry Talks – Imagery and Understatement

 

Imagery refers to the use of descriptive language or figurative language that uses the senses of sight, sound, touch, taste, and smell which helps create vivid and memorable images in a reader’s mind. By using sensory details and descriptive language, writers can paint a picture in the reader’s mind, bringing the text to life and making it more engaging, and it is an effective tool that can be effectively used to convey a wide range of moods, emotions, and ideas.

An understatement is a literary device that is used to describe something in a way that makes it seem less important or significant than it really is. It is a form of irony where the writer intentionally downplays the significance of an event or situation, usually for humorous or dramatic effect. Understatements are commonly used in literature and even everyday conversation, and by using understatements, one can evoke a sense of humility or modesty, and to avoid exaggeration or overstatement.

Imagery examples:

  1. “Arise, fair sun, and kill the envious moon, Who is already sick and pale with grief, That thou her maid art far more fair than she.” Shakespeare, William. “Romeo and Juliet.
  2. “The snow was white and fluffy, like a thick blanket covering the ground.”
  3. “As Frodo prepared to draw Sting from its sheath, it seemed to grow tall and very sharp; and the blade almost shimmered in answer. Then he drew it, and its polished and well-oiled length shone suddenly as clearly as if it were transparent.” Tolkien, J.R.R. The Lord of the Rings.

Understatement examples:

  1. “I think it’s raining a little bit.” (in a situation where there is a horrible storm)
  2. “I think so,” said Professor McGonagall dryly, “we teachers are rather good at magic, you know.” – Professor McGonagall in J.K. Rowling’s Harry Potter and The Deathly Hallows.
  3. “I have to have this operation. It isn’t very serious. I have this tiny little tumour on the brain” – Holden Caulfield in J.D. Salinger’s The Catcher in the Rye

 

 

First People’s Talk – Métis

The word Métis is derived from a French word meaning ‘mixed’, which is fitting because it is a word used to describe people of mixed European and Indigenous ancestry. The term métis was first used in the 1700’s when European settlers used it to describe the children with Indigenous and European parents. Even though métis people are of mixed descent, it is important to note that they still have distinct cultural practices that are separate from both Indigenous and European culture.

Examples:

Métis – noun

  1. Métis were recognized as one of Canada’s three Indigenous peoples in 1982.
  2. The term métis (mixed race individuals with European and First Nations descent) was first used in the 17th century, where settlers used it in reference to the children of Europeans and Indigenous peoples.
  3. In Western Canada’s Prairies, the Métis (self-identifying with distinct descent from the source of where their ancestors came from) people hunt bison with their traditional hunting practices.