How do scientists map outer space?

To answer the wonder question, it is necessary to first understand how scientist map the observable universe. There are two ways that scientists map Outerspace, either through exploratory missions or with the help of satellites and telescopes.

Scientific instruments are used during exploratory missions to collect data which then is sorted and if necessary mapped out. These instruments are either passive or active and can be divided into two groups, direct-sensing and remote-sensing. Direct sensing means that the instrument is collecting data on phenomena, while remote sensing means that it is trying to figure out the source of said phenomena. A passive instrument collects data that is emitted from a whatever it is observing, while an active instrument will emit its own means of sensing a phenomenon or object. An example of an active instrument is a radar system, they emit radio waves which reflect of surfaces and are collected to figure out qualitative information.  

To clarify, when we refer to the observable universe we aren’t referring to the limits of human technology, but an actual physical limit. So, even though the universe is infinite, the observable universe is not, and it is possible to map all of it.

Satellites and telescopes are used a little differently to figure out information about the universe. Scientists use methods like parallaxes to map out space with telescopes. Although modern telescopes, like the HUBBLE and the WEBB can help humans observe stars, scientists must use them in tandem with other methods to measure distance. For example, the astronomers working with the HUBBLE will use trigonometric parallax to figure out a cluster’s distance.  A parallax is the shift in position of an object relative to one’s perspective, which can be used to calculate a celestial body’s distance from earth or the sun. 

DGIS, meaning geographic information system, maps data collected by satellites, rovers, spacecrafts and telescopes. GIS connects data to a map, integrating location data. With its application scientists gain wider knowledge on the geology, topology and geography of space objects. 

What are the ways in which these tools and methods affect the way we program our space objects?  

When exploring space three things are key. 

1. Designing a trajectory 2.
2. Identifying where your spacecraft is positioned 
3. Making sure it sticks to the trajectory design  

To accomplish step number two, it is very important to have an accurate map of space. Navigation software is used with maps of space to determine whether the spacecraft is keeping in line with the trajectory design. These shuttles use math, optical navigation, spacecraft distance measurement and other methods to track where the spacecraft is located. In optical navigation photos called optnavs are taken and used to compare the body to other known celestial bodies or satellites. So, the times for these images to be taken are preprogrammed in the development phase. Since maps are not made as a spacecrafts travel, the way that the craft is programmed is vastly different than if it was mapped along the way. 

In conclusion

Although the objective for most space missions is exploration, for the majority this objective does not affect the way that ships are directly programmed.  Still, the methods scientists use to collect data and map outer space affects the way that space exploration and navigation has developed. Without accurate maps of outer space, these spacecrafts would not be able to travel using modern methods. Systems a that help scientists to map out data are one of the ways that programming is involved in the process, but normally they are used after information has been collected by these space instruments, satellites and telescopes.

Sources cited

Stuart, Colin. “How Do We Measure Distance in Space?” Sky at Night, Sky at Night, 21 Feb. 2022, https://www.skyatnightmagazine.com/space-science/measuring-distance-space/.

“Basics of Space Flight – Solar System Exploration: NASA Science.” NASA, NASA, https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/basics/chapter12-1.