Category: Science 9

How do Cells Multiply?

How Organisms Grow

50 to 70 billion human cell die each day, the body must replace the cells. A good example is human skin cells, each day millions are shed. The life of a cell is called a cell cycle and it is dived in three stages. The first stage is Interphase and its job is to carry out the cells normal functions. Interphase is the longest cell cycle stage, its when the cell performs and carries out various functions. In late Interphase the DNA copies itself and this process is known as replication. The process of replication involves several steps, the DNA molecule first unwinds the separates with a help of an enzyme. Next new bases pair with the bases of the original DNA and at the end two new identical DNA molecules are produced. The cell continues to grow and make protein at the end of Interphase in preparation for Mitosis and Cytokineses.

Image result for cell replication

Mitosis

The second stage in the cell cycle is known as Mitoses and is the shortest stage of all of them. Mitoses is where the nuclear contents divide, and two daughter nuclei are formed. It is broken down into four stages prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase also known as ( PMAT ) for short. Early prophase the nucleolus disappears and the spindle fibers, and in late prophase the spindle fibers attach to centromeres of chromosomes. Metaphase the chromosomes align on the eqauter of the cell. Anaphase the spindle fibers pull sister chromatinds to opposite poles of the cell. Lastly telophase is the final stage of Mitosis and its when the spindle fibers disappear and the nuclear membrane forms around each separated set of chromosomes.Image result for mitosis

Cytokineses

The last stage of the cell cycle is known as Cytokineses and it is the separation of the nuclei into two daughter cells. The cell also needs three things to go through the cell cycle. There must be enough nutrients to support cell growth, the DNA must be able to replicate, and the DNA must not be damaged. Mutations in genes can result in out of control cell cycle leading to cancer. Cancer cells have large, abnormal nuclei and are not specialized. The cancer cells attract blood vessels and grow into tumors and those cells from the tumors can break away to other areas of the body.

Meiosis

Meiosis is used when there is exactly half as many chromosomes as the starting cell because of the homologous pair being separated. Its purpose is for one parent cell to split to create two daughter cells. The process of meiosis starts with the homologous chromosomes pairing up and the non-sister chromatids exchange genetic material, the process is known as crossing over. Meiosis 1 produces 4 haploid daughter cells whereas Meiosis 2 produces 2 diploid daughter cells. In meiosis 1 the homologous chromosomes separate and in meiosis 2 the sister chromatids separate.

Sexual Reproduction

Sexual reproduction occurs when gametes ( sperm and egg cells ) meet in the same place at the same time and it is known as mating. Mating allows fertilization to take place, which is the joining of a haploid sperm cell with a haploid egg cell to form a diploid zygote. There are two types of fertilization, external and internal. External fertilization occurs when the sperm and egg cell join outside of the bodies of the parents, it is common with animals that live under water like fish. Internal fertilization happens when the sperm and egg cell join inside body of the female parent, it is common with birds, mammals, flowering and cone-forming plants. Embryonic development takes place during the first eight weeks after fertilization. during it embryo develops and its cells constantly divide.

Asexual Reproduction

Asexual Reproduction occurs when offspring arise from a single organism. There are different types of asexual reproduction, binary fission is when a single cell organisms splitting into identical copies. Budding is when areas organisms undergo mitosis to form an identical organism. Buds sometimes detach to form a separate organism. Fragmentation is when the organism breaks off due to injury, vegetative reproduction are special cells in plants that develop into structures that form new plants identical to the parent. Spore formation is when some bacteria, micro-organism, fungi can form spores.

Advantages and Disadvantages 

            Advantages

  1.  Large numbers of offspring are reproduced very quickly
  2.  Large colonies can form that can out-compete other organisms for nutrients and water
  3.  Large numbers of organism creates higher success rate of species surviving
  4.  Energy is not required to find a mate

           Disadvantages

  1.  Disease can destroy large numbers of offspring
  2.  Some methods of asexual reproduction produce offspring that are close together leading to compete for food and space
  3.   Extreme temperatures can wipe out entire colonies

 

Cite used

https://en.wikipedia.org/

Adaptive Tech

Experience 

From the day we started our project our main goal as a class was to help Tim with one of his struggles with Huntington’s. Within the time we were given we managed to have 2 video chats and learned a lot about Tim and his personality. One of his struggles with Huntington’s was being able to get off the couch. Our group decided on creating a couch cane, with our time that we were given we had a unique experience.

Connection

My group was named the “Couch Crushers” and my partner for this project we Gautom and Max. These past weeks we have created a strong relationship with each other and it was very fun working with these two. In Mr. Romanis class we built the base together and we walked to Gautoms house and brought the unfinished couch cane.

Final Product

We have currently finished our couch cane because of extra time given by Mr. Robinson. We had some minor setbacks because of group members not being at school because they were sick, or Mr. Romanis class was locked most of the time we came. At the end we have finished our couch cane and hopefully it’ll help Tim with his struggle of getting off the couch.

What I learned

Ive learned a bit of woodworking while shaping and creating the couch cane for Tim. Gautom taught me some wood tricks, and he was the one who built most of the couch cane. Due to safety me and max couldn’t cut or use any of the machines in Mr. Romanis class, so we watched and supplied Gautom with tools and and wood glue.

I feel I have met my learning goal, I learned how to work with wood and I learned where you can get shovel handles from.

 

Conclusion

In conclusion our group had minor struggles and I liked working with Gautom and Max. Gautom has skills with woodworking and he was the one that kept on pushing us to finish, Max’s brains helped build on the main idea and like me Max was helping Gautom build the couch cane. I thought I gave a good idea from the start, I kept on building to it and even though none of the group members liked it I tried to make the idea better. In the end my couch cane idea that started have as just building a cane for Tim was approved by Max and Gautom and we started figuring out how to construct it. My communication skills were lacking in this project, we had a instagram chat and in the beginning I wasn’t even checking it till Gautom told me to check it. I was away for a couple of days because of a basketball tournament and didn’t contribute anything of the time I was away for class, I need to improve in still contributing even when away. Lastly I felt the connection-based learning experience was a great way to help Tim out with Huntington’s and taught me a new way to learn.

Loader Loading...
EAD Logo Taking too long?

Reload Reload document
| Open Open in new tab

Download

Modeling Mitoses

Interphase

The Interphase carries out various functions and is the longest cell cycle stage.

Late Interphase

DNA copies in the late Interphase in the process of replication. The DNA molecule unwinds the separates with the help of an enzyme. New bases pair with the bases of the original DNA and at the end 2 new DNA identical molecules are produced.

Prophase

Nucleolus disappears and the spindle fibres and late prophase spindle fibres attach to the centromeres of chromosomes.

Metaphase

Chromosomes align on the equator of the cell and to remember meta sounds like middle.

Anaphase

Sister chromatins are pulled by the spindle fibres to the opposite poles of cell.

Telophase

Final stage, its where the spindle fibres disappear and a nuclear membrane forms around each separated set of chromosomes.

Cytokinesis

The separation of the nuclei into two daughter cells.

Edible DNA Model

 

What is DNA?

DNA or deoxyribonucleic acid is a long molecule and our unique genetic code is contained in the DNA. These genetic codes are passed by the parents to their children, and your DNA is found inside every cell. The instructions an organism needs to develop, live, and reproduce is given by the DNA.

What does DNA do?

To use the functions the DNA needs to be converted into messages to help produce proteins. The instruction of each DNA sequence that produces proteins is known as a gene.   Genes make up 1% of the DNA sequence and outside the 1% is the DNA sequence is regulating when, how, and how much protein is being produced.

How does DNA copy itself?

Interphase is the longest cell cycle stage, it performed and carries out various functions. The late Interphase, DNA copies itself in the process of replication, the DNA molecules unwind the separates with the help of an enzyme. New bases pair with the bases on the original DNA and at the end two new identical DNA molecules are produced.

Currents from the Kitchen

Results

Orange = 0.2

Potato = 0.2

Lemon = 0.7

Observations

  • The location of where the wire were on the volt meter was important because it would in some cases show negative voltage.
  • It was difficult to insert the copper wire and zinc nail without squirting the juice
  • We used half of the potato and lemon and used a full orange
  • The group that charged the light alternated with the wires going copper to zinc and copper to zinc

Explanation

At the end of the Currents from the Kitchen lab, we were able to record the amount of volts a fruit/vegetable was able to produce using copper and a nail. Our fruits/vegetable we used for this experiment were an orange, lemon, and a potato. The orange and potato both produced the same amount of volts which was 0.2, and the lemon had the most voltage out of the other fruit/vegetables which was 0.7. My guess for why the lemon had the most voltage out of the other fruits and vegetables was, lemons contain citrus and the substance contains more electricity.

Questions

1. If your bulb doesn’t glow why not?

Our group didn’t use enough fruit/vegetables when we were trying to light up the bulb and when we working with the wires we didn’t alternate from zinc to copper to zinc.

2. How can we modify our experiment to improve our results?

we can modify this experiment by using different kind of fruits and vegetables and maybe see if a whole lemon is better than half. It may improve our result because a full lemon has more citrus that a half and that’s why it’ll increase our voltage.

3. What is causing electrons to flow in this experiment?

The electrons are flowing from the amount of citrus/acid in the fruits or vegetables, the electrons attract to different and like they repel.

 

 

 

 

Explore the Field

How does Huntington effect the ability of getting off a couch or chair?

Why is you question significant?

How is my question significant/meaningful to me. Our group really wants to help Tim with his difficulty getting off the couch. We know that Tim can get off the couch but with struggle and we’re hoping to make life easier and help him get off the couch easily. Me and my group will build some sort of cane that can be used in a couch. This question may help us in the use of material or the way it’s shaped. The question is important to me because helping Tim and understanding the struggle put into getting off the couch would maybe make me realize how grateful I am for my body and help Tim a with one of his struggles with Huntington’s. At the end of all the thought process and actually creating the couch cane we intend and hope to put a smile on Tims face when he sees the finished result, as a group we will be working hard to put it all together and I believe we can.

 

Research

Huntington’s disease is an illness with physical, cognitive and emotional symptoms. The protein named mutant Huntingtin is created when there is a mutation in the gene. The most common age to acquire the disease is in your 30s or 40s. There are three main symptoms to Huntington’s, physically you will notice weight loss and have a difficult time walking, talking and swallowing. Cognitively start noticing difficulty planning and focusing and emotionally you will have anxiety, and depression. Your quadriceps and hamstrings are your biggest leg muscles and the gastrocnemius muscle all work together in standing up from the couch or from a sitting position. A person with Huntington’s would have poor coordination and uncontrolled movements, it affects motor function and map[]up to $300 and the lowest is in the price ranges of $180. Our group will create a much more affordable  cane, maybe not with all the features and appearances, our hope is that our final product will look modern and not stand out too much from his other furniture. We would probably have it coloured black and it will only be on one side. The tube that locks under the cushions will be adjustable because it would be harder for them to get the measurements and more decision making when buying a new couch so they don’t have to worry on the size. Lastly I wonder if they’re exercises or movements that maybe will strengthen his leg muscles and help him get off the couch easier also using the couch cane with support. I stumbled upon a study that says that physical therapy will improve the symptoms of a person with Huntington’s. In conclusion Huntington’s has a physical affects to persons body and there are certain muscles it targets, Tim has a strong grip so I’m guessing the hand muscles are fine but his lower body had trouble with strength and that’s what our couch cane is for.

Image result for couch cane

 

Sources used for Research

“What is Huntington’s disease?”, Author not found, Website. This website gave me a better understanding of what Huntington’s was and how it is created. It also gave me extra information such as when you acquire the disease and what the symptoms are.

“The Muscles You Use to Sit and Stand”, By Andrea Sigust, Website. I learned the muscles we use of standing up from a sit position.

“Huntington’s disease affects muscle as well as brain”, Catharine Paddock, Website. This website provided information of the body parts that get affected with the Huntington’s disease.

“Physical Activity May Help Huntington’s Patients, Review Study Finds”, Jose Marques Lopes, Website. I wondered if there was a way even with the couch cane if they’re exercise to help a little with Huntington’s.

 

Smaller Critical Questions

  1. How does Huntington’s affect the muscles and which one the most?
  2. What muscles do you use when getting off the couch?
  3. Is there a current invention/product that helps with people who struggle getting off the couch?
  4. What is Huntington’s disease?
  5. What are the symptoms of Huntington’s?
  6. Is there an exercise that will help strengthen the leg muscles for people who have Huntington’s?

 

How Exploration helps

This project was great, I learned about Huntington’s and answered my big question. I started off with one big main question that was ungooglable and created smaller more critical questions to answer the main one. By having about 5 or more questions your answer will be more efficient and easier to put in words. I recorded all of my smaller questions on a lined sheet of paper and at the end what was left to do was put it into one paragraph. Going further more in depth in your question such as exploring will create a more precise answer and it’ll make it much more easier for yourself. I got a better understanding of Huntington’s that I wouldn’t have gotten without exploring. I found the exploration process helpful and it made my research much faster. I never used this kind of method before, but now that I know it I am going to use it on further projects.

 

Aquire

Tools and information verification

For many of my past projects I use google to gather my information and sometimes Youtube. I used mostly google and the websites to get my information, some of my note taking was in One-note which I never use to note take so it was a first. I verify my information by the websites Url and if it looks safe. When gathering information look for any spelling mistakes, the last time updated and if its .edu or .gov it’s a safe educational website and the others you have to be aware.

My Sources

https://www.tinkercad.com

https://www.huntingtonsociety.ca/learn-about-hd/what-is-huntingtons/

https://huntingtonsdiseasenews.com/2018/02/01/physical-activity-helps-huntingtons-disease-patients-study-finds/

 

Process

At the end of the whole project I thought it went out well, I gave the information I got from the smaller critical questions. I learned a new method in answering a question that is ungooglable, one thing I could’ve done better is brainstorm more and better smaller questions and get information from reliable safe websites that give quality information.

Electricity Mind Map


  1. Who invented electricity?
  2. What was the first machine/object that required electricity to use?
  3. Is there types of electricity?
  4. How does electricity effect our daily life?
  5. Is electricity harmful too human and why?
  6. Is there better and safer ways to create electricity?
  7. How was electricity discovered?
  8. How do electric cars work and what happens inside?
  9. Is electricity environmentally friendly and can it replace something that we use in our daily life such as gas?