Tricksters Concept Map EFP12

Throughout the story we have read, trickster mostly have the same characteristics such as being naughty.  I have also noticed how often they used the Raven and Coyote as Tricksters. The other Trickster that was mention in the story was Nanabush. Every story has different lessons that are really important to learn by everyone. Each of them represents something that are important for Indigenous People.

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Protein Synthesis

Protein synthesis is a process that makes up protein which is one of the important things we need to know in our body as it helps us in many ways such as protecting our body, enabling movements, and many more. There are two major steps during protein synthesis which are called Transcription and Translation. Transcription is when a DNA that carries genetic information from the nucleus turns into mRNA which means messenger ribonucleic acid, this carries the information from DNA to the ribosome to be able to do the translation. Translation uses the message that mRNA is made to make polypeptide chains to build a specific protein. 

Transcription starts with a DNA strand, before it turns into mRNA, there is an enzyme called RNA polymerase that incorporates an RNA from a DNA template. With that, there are three steps that should be done;

1.  is DNA helicase or unwinding and unzipping

  •  makes the h-bond of nitrogenous bases of purine and pyrimidine break into two separate strands.
  • nitrogenous bases:

purine: Adenine (A), Guanine (G)

pyrimidine: Thymine (T), Cytosine (C)

A — T

G — C

2.  The complementary base pairing of an RNA with DNA

  • since DNA strands have been unzipped, an enzyme will use one of the two strands and will become the template of RNA combinations.
  • Nitrogenous bases of an RNA is a bit different because instead of Thymine, there will be Uracil replacing it.

3. Then lastly, Joining

  • The RNA combinations made from RNA polymerase will be attached or bonded with the DNA strand to form mRNA. An mRNA strand that contains the RNA based on the DNA strand will then be transported to the ribosome that is made of rRNA ( ribosomal Ribonucleic Acid) where proteins will be made.
  • Ribosome makes protein and they must make proteins at the cytoplasm because making it at the nucleus would make it bigger to come out the nucleus and won’t e able to make functions.

 

To be able to make a protein there is a step called translation that happens in a ribosome.

Initiation

  • mRNA brings the message to the ribosome, it will tie up with a ribosome subunit then another ribosome subunit will tie up which result in two ribosome binding with mRNA.

— The two-tied ribosome is where tRNA will tie up and transfer amino acids. mRNA is quite important for this step because it has the message of which amino should the tRNA transfer in the ribosome. tRNA is T shape RNA that brings amino acid based on the mRNA’s message to the ribosome. To make proteins, tRNA and mRNA will have a process called complementary base pairing, it reads three letters nitrogenous base from mRNA which is called a codon, and will be complementary paired with a three-letter nitrogenous base of a tRNA called anticodon that tells which amino acid should it bring to the ribosome. —

Elongation

  • One of the tRNAs brings methionine which is the starting amino acid in protein synthesis. Another tRNA with amino acid will then come complementing with mRNA and will tie up with the tRNA that came first, afterward the first tRNA that came will give the amino acid it brought to another tRNA which will make a chain called a polypeptide chain.

Termination

  • This chain will continue until you read a stop in the message of mRNA, it indicates that the process of making a protein is done.

The models we used for protein synthesis showed a lot of accuracies to learn more about the process of protein synthesis, however, we also had some challenges during the making of the activity. It helped us understand this process in so many ways. It helped us learn more about the process as we do it ourselves, for instance when we did the transcription and translation, we were able to do the step-by-step process of either transcription or translation. We also learned their shapes through the activity as well as their functions as we go through the step-by-step process of it. Doing and using our hands on how the process happened made us understand what it meant such as cutting off the DNA strand and bonding it with the RNA combinations made through one of the DNA’s strands as well as moving the tRNA to do its function. Making the RNA complementary base pairing with DNA helped us understand and familiarize ourselves with the bonding of nitrogenous bases which also helps us memorize and be aware of how to do the pairings. However, there was a point where we got confused, especially when it comes to the genetic code and transferring tRNA. We were confused and made a lot of mistakes to get the right polypeptide chains to make a protein. I was having lack of understanding about the genetic code and how to pair codons and anticodons. I also had a hard time understanding what unwinding & unzipping, complementary base pairing, and joining mean during the activity. There was a moment where we just copied what the codons have and put it on tRNA which made us collect the wrong amino acids. I believe the models used for the process are quite helpful and useful. However, there are some models that are quite hard to understand such as the ones used for the three steps which are the unwinding, complementary base pairing, and joining. Regarding the non-scientific audiences, I believe they would understand it more by showing models because they will picture it in mind in a correct and much accurate shapes, and by showing how it works in models will make them understand more since it has actions made. With just words being said, they will have a problem understanding as there is a lot of vocabulary that is unfamiliar.

 

sources:

dna structure workbook pg152

transcription and translation

protein synthesis

translation one note lesson

transcription video

protein synthesis powerpoint

protein transcription lesson