English 12 D – Song Analysis
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English 12 D – Synthesis Essay
English 12 D – Identities Paragraph
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Life Sciences 11 – Invertebrate Project
Life Sciences 11 A – What Darwin Never Knew
< What Darwin Never Knew >
– How the Discovery of DNA Proved Darwin’s Theory –
Charles Darwin
(1809 ~ 1882)
Charles Darwin was a British naturalist known for his theories which greatly contributed to the way we perceive evolution today. His book, <On the Origin of Species>, introduced the process of evolution through natural selection.
However, even Darwin himself was unable to explain why these changes occurred, since this was before the discovery of DNA. After the discovery of DNA by James Watson and Francis Crick, Darwin’s theory was proved correct, and the reason as to why there are so many varieties of organisms was made clear.
When a certain kind of mutation occurs, the features of organisms go through changes which may even help them adapt to their surroundings and increase their chances of survival. DNA switches enable genes to turn on and off, causing significant changes to occur in organisms.
As Darwin did not have any knowledge of genetics, the fundamental reason to these mutations was unknown to him.
For example, the beaks of the Galapagos finches went through a dramatic change according to their surroundings. The finches with beaks that could surmount the environmental adversities they faced regarding feeding survived and reproduced, passing down their genes to their offspring. As a result of natural selection, the beaks of the finches would vary depending on what they feed on.
As for fruit flies, several fruit flies have spotted wings while others do not, and this depends on whether the paintbrush gene which codes for the black wing spots is turned on or not.
The same applies to the stickleback fish. The reason as to why the lake sticklebacks lost their spikes was because a mutation occurred in which the switch for turning on the gene for spikes was broken.
Modern science was able to prove Darwin’s theory to be accurate, and this will continue to serve as crucial information for further scientific investigations to be made in the future.
Biology 11 A – The 6 Kingdoms
AXOLOTL
ANIMALIA
Axolotls are amphibians, and amphibians are a class of animals.
They are categorized as animalia out of the 6 kingdoms.
CHINCHILLA
ANIMALIA
Chinchillas are mammals, which are a class of animals.
They are categorized as animalia out of the 6 kingdoms.
TACCA CHANTRIERI
PLANTAE
The Tacca chantrieri (also known as the bat flower) is classified as a plant.
They are categorized as plantae out of the 6 kingdoms.
BLUE MOREA IRIDIOIDES FLOWER
PLANTAE
The Morea iridioides is classified as a plant.
They are categorized as plantae out of the 6 kingdoms.
MYCENA INTERRUPTA MUSHROOMS
FUNGI
Mycena interrupta mushrooms are mushrooms, and therefore classified as fungi.
They are categorized as fungi out of the 6 kingdoms.
BIOLUMINESCENT MUSHROOMS
FUNGI
Bioluminescent mushrooms are mushrooms, and therefore classified as fungi.
They are categorized as fungi out of the 6 kingdoms.
MARIMO
PROTISTA
Marimo is a type of algae, which is classified as a protist.
They are categorized as protista out of the 6 kingdoms.
NAEGLERIA FOWLERI
PROTISTA
The Naegleria fowleri is an amoeba, which are classified as protists.
They are categorized as protista out of the 6 kingdoms.
ESCHERICHIRA COLI
EUBACTERIA
E.coli is prokaryotic bacteria which make them eubacteria.
They are categorized as eubacteria out of the 6 kingdoms.
HELICOBACTER PYLORI
EUBACTERIA
Helicobacter Pylori is a member of Helicobacter.
They are categorized as eubacteria out of the 6 kingdoms.
THAUMARCHAEOTA
ARCHAEBACTERIA
Thaumarchaeota make up the majority of the archaea in soil systems.
They are categorized as archaebacteria out of the 6 kingdoms.
CRENARCHAEOTA
ARCHAEBACTERIA
Crenarchaeota are prokaryotic and exist in a wide range of extreme conditions.
They are categorized as archaebacteria out of the 6 kingdoms.
Week 17 – math 10
ARITHMETIC SERIES
This week we learned about finding the sum of an arithmetic series.
An arithmetic series is the result of when terms of an arithmetic sequence are added.
There is a way of finding the sum of an arithmetic series without having to add everything by hand.
The mathematician Carl Gauss was the first to notice that there is a certain rule in an arithmetic series that can be used as a clue to finding the sum.
If you take a look at the following explanation of how Gauss figured it out, you might get a hint of how to solve this yourself.
First, write down the numbers for the sum of 1 to 100.
Do you notice anything?
When we add 1 and 100, we get 101. When we add 2 and 99, we get 101.
And yes, the same applies to 3 and 98, 4 and 97, 5 and 96, and so on.
Apply this rule to the rest of the numbers and consider how many pairs of numbers in the series equal to 101 when added.
Do you notice how there are exactly 50 pairs?
Now, since we know all the details, all we have to do is multiply the two together.
When we do this, we get 5050. Therefore, the sum of 1 to 100 is 5050.
There is a formula used to find the sum of an arithmetic series.
It is basically the explanation above, but in a more simplified form.
You must add the first and last number of the series together and multiply it by the number of numbers in a series divided by 2.
That is it for this week’s post, and I hope this helped with your understanding.
Week 16 – math 10
ARITHMETIC SEQUENCES
This week, we learned about arithmetic sequences.
Let’s take a look at types of sequences and how to write the formula for the general term.
There are three types of sequences: arithmetic, geometric, and other sequences that are neither arithmetic nor geometric.
In this unit, we will be dealing with arithmetic sequences.
The difference between two numbers in an arithmetic sequence is called the common difference.
It can also be written as d.
We can also write a formula for the general term of arithmetic sequences.
I hope this helped with your understanding of arithmetic sequences.
Week 15 – math 10
METHODS FOR SOLVING SYSTEMS OF EQUATIONS
This week we learned about the different methods for solving systems of equations.
Let’s go over what we have learned.
There are four ways of solving : inspection, graphing, substitution, and elimination.
INSPECTION
Inspection can be used when the equations are simple and able to be solved just by looking at them.
This method is time consuming and difficult to use when you are dealing with rather complex equations.
GRAPHING
Graphing makes it easy for you to find the solution of the equations because all you have to do is find the intersecting point of the two lines of the equations.
However, the points may result in decimals and if you wish to make it simpler, you may use the following two methods.
SUBSTITUTION
Substitution is the algebraic method that requires the act of substituting (that is, putting something in the place of another) to solve the equations.
It is a relatively quick method compared to the two above.
ELIMINATION
Elimination is the quickest way of solving equations so far.
It is used when all of the variables in the system of equations have a coefficient that is not 1.
You may either add or subtract the two equations to eliminate one of the variables in an equation.
This method saves you time and effort in the process of solving an equation.
I hope this helped with your understanding of the topic.
Week 14 – math 10
SYSTEMS OF EQUATIONS
This week we learned about system of equations and how to tell the number of solutions there are.
Let’s go over what we have learned.
When graphed, the lines help figure out how many solutions there are.
Even if not graphed, you can tell by looking at the slope and intercept of the equation.
Here is an example question. Let’s try and solve it together.
The answer is $2 for a cupcake and $1.5 for a cake pop, and it has one solution.
I hope this helped with your understanding.